Cov lus teb luv luv: qhia meej 316 (los yog 316L) qhov twg cov tshuaj chlorides sib sau - cov pas dej ntsev, cov chaw ua si, kev teeb tsa ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, cov dej nta dej uas siv tshuaj hnyav hnyav. Nyob nrog 304 nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab ornamental fountains, sab hauv tsev, thiab cov pas dej ua ke hauv nroog nrog ruaj khov, qis -chloride chemistry, qhov twg molybdenum hauv 316 yuav koj me ntsis. Hauv qab no yog yuav ua li cas thiaj nrhiav tau kab ntawd rau koj qhov project, thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj paub tseeb tias qib koj teev yog qib uas tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw.
Peb tsim ob qho tib si. Hauv peb lub Hoobkas hauv Chongqing, SS304 thiab SS316 fixtures khiav ntawm tib txoj kab ntau lawm, thiab cov khoom siv qib yog ib qho ntawm thawj yam uas peb txiav txim siab nrog ib tus neeg yuav khoom - vim tias tau txais nws tsis ncaj ncees lawm hauv ob qho kev coj ua tus nqi rau qee tus neeg. Hauv qab -spec thiab qhov chaw sib tw tau dhau los ntawm ob lub caij nyoog. Tshaj -spec thiab koj tau them tus nqi them rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion koj cov dej yuav tsis sim.
Qhov kev txiav txim, nyob rau hauv ib lub rooj
| SIB 304 | SIB 316 | SWB 316L | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chromium | 18–20% | 16–18% | 16–18% |
| Nickel | 8–10.5% | 10–14% | 10–14% |
| Molybdenum | tsis muaj | 2–3% | 2–3% |
| Cov pa roj carbon (max) | 0.08% | 0.08% | 0.03% |
| PREN (tus qauv) | ~18–20 | ~23–28 | ~23–28 |
| Ib puag ncig | Chloride load | Qib kom qhia |
|---|---|---|
| Sab hauv tsev, qis- dej ntxhia | qis heev | 304 |
| Dej qab zib ornamental fountain, municipal park | qis | 304 |
| Chlorinated pej xeem pas dej ua ke, ruaj khov chemistry | qis-mob | 304 (316 yog cov ntug dej hiav txwv) |
| Chlorinated pas dej, 5+ xyoo ua kua chlorine | nruab nrab | 316 |
| Dej ntsev / ntsev -chlorinated pas dej | 2,700-3,400 ppm ntsev | 316 los yog 316L |
| Spa, kub tub, thermal feature | nruab nrab, kub | 316L |
| Coastal txaws cheeb tsam, ntsev tsuag | siab | 316L |
| Direct dej hiav txwv immersion | ~ 19,000 ppm chloride | 316L + kev npaj kho mob |
Vim li cas "stainless" yog lo lus dag
Stainless hlau resists dej vim chromium reacts nrog oxygen los tsim ib tug oxide zaj duab xis ob peb atoms tuab. Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawd cais cov hlau los ntawm nws ib puag ncig. Ua txhaum nws hauv zos thiab cov hlau hauv qab yog cov hlau qub dua.
Chloride ions yog qhov ua txhaum nws. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj zog, thiab cov hlau raug dhau los ua ib qho anode hauv microscopic galvanic cell. Qhov tshwm sim yog pitting - ib lub qhov uas pib raws li ib tug pinprick thiab loj hlob downward thaum lub nto nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tseem zoo li qub. Crevice corrosion yog cov kwv tij tsis ua hauj lwm: nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nqaim qhov twg lub rooj zaum gasket tiv thaiv lub tsev, los yog qhov twg ob qhov chaw bolted ntxiab dej stagnation tsis muaj oxygen rov ua dua tshiab. Nyob rau hauv underwater luminaires, crevice corrosion yog ntau dua ntawm ob thiab ib qho nyuaj rau ntes, vim nws pib hauv qhov sib koom ua ke.
Molybdenum yog lub ntsiab uas hloov qhov no. Ntawm 2–3% nws stabilizes passive zaj duab xis tiv thaiv chloride nres - tag nrho kev ua hauj lwm txawv ntawm 304 thiab 316, thiab yog vim li cas tus nqi sib txawv tshwm sim.
PREN: ib tus lej uas kwv yees kev ua tau zoo dua li qib npe
Tus Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number condenses alloy chemistry rau hauv ib qho nqi. Rau cov qib austenitic tus qauv, feem ntau siv daim ntawv yog:
PREN=%Cr + 3.3 × (%Mo) - ib co luam tawm variants ntxiv 16 × %N, ib lo lus uas tseem ceeb rau nitrogen- txhawb zog duplex qib es tsis yog 304 los yog 316.
Qib 304 tsis muaj molybdenum, uas ua rau nws nyob ib ncig ntawm 18-20. Qib 316 thaj av kwv yees li ntawm 23-28 band, nyob ntawm seb molybdenum ntau npaum li cas lub zeb tau xa tuaj. Siab dua PREN txhais tau hais tias muaj zog dua rau cov tshuaj chloride pitting.
Ob qhov ceeb toom. PREN yog xam los ntawm cov cua kub tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau, tsis yog los ntawm cov ntawv qib - 316 ingot ntawm qhov qis kawg ntawm molybdenum ntau yam ua tau ntsuas qis dua ib qho ntawm qhov siab kawg, uas yog vim li cas peb thiaj li nug cov neeg muag khoom rau daim ntawv pov thawj zeb es tsis yog lub npe qib. Thiab PREN hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi txog qhov zoo ntawm qhov sib txuas, qhov kawg ntawm qhov chaw, qhov kev sib tw geometry lossis passivation. Ib qho zoo kawg nkaus 316 vaj tse nrog ib tug tsis zoo welded seam yuav ua tsis tau ua ntej lub qhov dej - ua 304 fixture yuav. Qib teem lub qab nthab; fabrication txiav txim seb koj mus txog nws.
Muaj pes tsawg chloride nyob hauv koj cov dej?
Qhov no yuav tsum tau tsav cov khoom txiav txim siab, thiab nws yog cov lus nug feem ntau teb los ntawm kev nco es tsis yog los ntawm kev xeem.
Freshwater ornamental chaw
Lub nroog muab cov dej thiab cov ciav dej rov ua dua tshiab muaj cov tshuaj chloride tsawg thiab cov khoom tawg qis tag nrho - lub pas dej tshiab TDS feem ntau zaum ntawm 500-2,000 ppm. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no 304 yog suab engineering, thiab nws yog dab tsi peb xa mus rau feem ntau cov chaw ua si thiab plaza ciav dej num.
Chlorinated pas dej: cov ntsev qeeb - tsis muaj leej twg taug qab
Lub pas dej "freshwater" chlorinated tsis nyob hauv dej tshiab. Cov kua sodium hypochlorite dosing ntxiv cov khoom tawg tsis tu ncua, thiab cov pas dej ua lag luam uas siv nws tuaj yeem pom TDS nce los ntawm ntau txhiab ppm ib xyoo. Cov khib nyiab no tsuas yog los ntawm kev ntws tawm thiab rov ua dua. Ib lub pas dej uas tau sim ntawm 800 ppm thaum commissioned tuaj yeem ua tau zoo dhau los ntawm 3,000 ppm tsib xyoos tom qab, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau ib txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm.
Yog li lub 304 fixture uas ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv ib xyoos tuaj yeem zaum hauv chloride - dej nplua nuj los ntawm xyoo rau. Yog tias koj tus neeg siv khoom khaws lub pas dej tauv rau kaum tsib xyoos, xaiv cov khoom siv rau qhov chaw chemistry yuav nyob, tsis yog qhov twg nws pib. CDC pom zoo pH 7.0–7.8 nrog dawb chlorine tsawg kawg yog 1 ppm (tsawg kawg 2 ppm qhov twg cyanuric acid siv); pH qis dua 7.0 accelerates corrosion ntawm wetted hlau, yog li ntawd tsis tshua muaj pH yog ib tug thib ob tsis ua hauj lwm tsav tsheb tsim nyog xyuas ntawm tej warranty thov.
Cov dej ntsev thiab ntsev -chlorinated pas dej
Salt chlorination generates chlorine electrolytically los ntawm yaj sodium chloride. Hayward's AquaRite cov ntaub ntawv, ua piv txwv tseem ceeb, lub hom phiaj 2,700–3,400 ppm ntsev nrog 3,200 ppm zoo. Qhov ntawd yog cov tshuaj chloride mus tas li ob peb zaug siab dua lub qhov dej - khaws cov chlorinated pas dej ua ke, thiab nws tsis hloov pauv nrog lub sijhawm noj tshuaj - nws ib txwm muaj. Peb qhia 316 lossis 316L raws li tus qauv rau cov dej no. Nco ntsoov tias cov tshuaj chlorine hauv zos tau nce siab ntawm cov electrolysis ntawm tes, yog li cov khoom siv tau teeb tsa ze rau ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob ntawm tes tuaj yeem pom cov xwm txheej hnyav dua li cov dej chemistry qhia.
Kev teeb tsa ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab ncaj qha dej hiav txwv
Seawater khiav txog 3.5% yaj ntsev nrog chloride ntawm kwv yees li 19,000 ppm. Qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem marginal. Rau immersion ncaj qha, 316L yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus sensible qib, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd lub fixture xav tau ib qho kev soj ntsuam thiab tu ncua sij hawm - biofouling tsim cov crevices uas tsav corrosion ntau npaum li cov chloride ua. Rau txaws- cheeb tsam raug nyob ib ncig ntawm lub pas dej ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, 316L kuj yog txoj cai hu, vim hais tias huab cua chloride deposits tsom rau qhov chaw ntawm nag los nag.
Spas, kub tub thiab thermal nta
Cov dej kub hloov kev suav ob zaug: chloride pitting nrawm nrog qhov kub thiab txias, thiab thermal cycling ua haujlwm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj nyuaj dua. Spas kuj muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dua li cov pas dej. Peb default rau 316L ntawm no tsis hais seb cov dej qhia tau hais li cas.
Qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov sib npaug ntau qhov tshwj xeeb tsis quav ntsej
Tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb corrosion ntawm 304 thiab 316L hauv 1 M sodium chloride pom tias nce kub ntawm 20℃mus rau 80℃nce pitting piv los ntawm ib qho ntawm plaub. Tias yog vim li cas cov khoom siv ua haujlwm hauv lub pas dej 24℃tuaj yeem ua tsis tiav hauv 40℃spa.
Qhov thib ob ntxiab yog tshwj xeeb rau fabrication. Austenitic stainless hlau tuav nyob rau hauv 450-850℃ntau yam thaum lub sij hawm vuam tuaj yeem rhiab heev: chromium precipitates ntawm cov ciam teb raws li carbide, tawm hauv cov hlau chromium uas nyob ib sab- depleted thiab yooj yim. Qhov ntawd yog cov txheej txheem tom qab weld- lwj corrosion, thiab yog vim li cas qis -carbon 316L yog qhov nyiam rau kev sib dhos welded.
Tsib qhov chaw underwater teeb ua ntej
Ob xyoo lawm ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev tawm tswv yim tawm tswv yim nqaim cov kev ua tsis tiav mus rau ib daim ntawv teev npe ncaj ncees. Qib tsuas yog thawj yam ntawm nws.
1. Lub vuam seam. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus feem ntau peb pom. Ib qho weld nrog tsis tiav kev nkag mus, undercut, los yog tshav kub tint nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog ib tug crevice nrog ib tug chemistry teeb meem txuas. Thaum tshav kub kub tint yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm thiab weld passivated, tsis yog tsuas yog txhuam. Thaum peb tshawb xyuas qhov rov qab kho dua, qhov vuam yog thawj qhov peb saib.
2. Lub gasket zawj. Crevice corrosion pib qhov twg lub rooj zaum. Ib qho roughly machined groove, los yog ib qho ntiav heev rau lub gasket kom ncav cuag nws tsim compression, cia dej zaum nyob rau hauv ib tug stagnant sib txawv. Silicone tuav tau zoo dua li EPDM thoob plaws qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov khoom siv no pom, thiab cov txheej txheem compression yog qhov tseeb txiav txim siab seb lub foob puas tseem ua haujlwm hauv xyoo tsib.
3. Cov kab nkag. Lub caj pas yog qhov siab tshaj plaws - qhov kev pheej hmoo nkag mus rau txhua lub teeb pom kev hauv qab dej - yog ib qho chaw uas ib qho kev hloov pauv tau raws li lub tsev nyob ruaj khov thiab ob qho kev txav mus los sib txawv hauv kev caij tsheb kauj vab. Potting qhov nkag es tsis yog cia siab rau lub tshuab compression foob ib leeg yog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib qho khoom siv uas muaj sia nyob tsib xyoos ntawm thermal cycling thiab ib qho uas tsis yog.
4. Galvanic tsis sib haum ntawm cov khoom siv mounting. Muab ib lub tsev 316 rau ntawm 304 bracket hauv dej chlorinated thiab koj tau tsim lub roj teeb; qhov tsawg noble alloy corrodes preferentially. Peb pom qhov no feem ntau uas tus neeg cog lus tau sib xyaw cov khoom siv sib txawv los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom sib txawv, lossis hloov cov tooj dag haum rau hauv lub rooj sib txoos stainless.
5. Txoj hlua khi tam sim no thiab ploj lawm. Tsis muaj kev xaiv cov khoom muaj sia nyob qhov teeb meem hauv av. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, NEC Tshooj 680.26 suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv hauv pas dej, thiab Tshooj 680.23 tswj hwm cov teeb pom kev hauv qab dej - suav nrog GFCI qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau circuits muab cov luminaires underwater ua haujlwm siab tshaj 15 volts. Yog tias daim phiaj sib txuas ua tsis tiav, lossis tus neeg xyuas pib raug txiav tawm thaum lub sijhawm kho dua tshiab, cov neeg tsis muaj zog tam sim no yuav noj los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau uas tau teev tseg kom raug. Thaum tus neeg siv khoom qhia pitting ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab sib txawv ntawm tib qhov chaw, dej tsis yog qhov teeb meem. Kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob yog.
Dab tsi "IP68" tsis qhia koj
IP68 yog dav nyeem raws li "waterproof rau txhua qhov tob." Nws tsis txhais hais tias. Raws li IEC 60529, thawj tus lej npog cov khib nyiab thiab qhov thib ob npog dej. Lub "8" qhia txog kev tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua immersion - tab sis tus qauv tawm qhov tob thiab ntev npaum li cas los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, ua tau zoo los ntawm kev pom zoo nrog tus neeg siv. Ob qhov khoom siv tuaj yeem nqa IP68 thaum ib qho tau sim ntawm 1.5 m rau 30 feeb thiab lwm qhov ntawm 10 m rau 24 teev. Kev ntsuas ib leeg tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv.
Nug rau qhov kev xeem rau kev nkag mus rau hauv kev sau ntawv, thiab rau daim ntawv xeem tsis yog daim ntawv pov thawj tus lej. Rau lub teeb ciav hlau ntsia ntawm 3 m hauv lub phiab dej raws caij nyoog, cov lus nug cuam tshuam tsis yog "yog nws IP68" tab sis "yog nws tau sim dhau qhov tob thiab lub sijhawm nws yuav pom tiag."
Nyeem cov ntawv ua raws cai kom raug
Ntau cov qhab nia tau conflated hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais:
IEC 60598-2-18 - tus qauv luminaire rau cov luminaires ruaj khov siv hauv dej lossis hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej, xws li cov pas dej da dej thiab cov ciav dej. Nws hais txog cov khoom.
UL 676 - Underwater Luminaires thiab Submersible Junction Boxes. Cov khoom lag luam North American kev nyab xeeb rau pawg no.
NEC 680.23 thiab 680.26 - kev txhim kho yuav tsum tau them rau txoj kev xaim, qhov txwv tsis pub muaj hluav taws xob thiab kev tiv thaiv GFCI (680.23) thiab equipotential bonding (680.26). Cov no tswj hwm lub nruab qhov system, tsis yog lub fixture.
Lub fixture tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li cov khoom lag luam thiab tseem ua tsis tiav hauv kev pabcuam yog tias qhov kev teeb tsa tsis tau ntsib. Qhov kev sib txawv ntawd qhia koj tias tog twg muaj kev pheej hmoo.
Specification checklist los ntawm qhov project hom
Cov ciav dej thiab sab hauv tsev: SS304 nrog passivated welds, lub potted cable nkag, thiab IP68 tej yam kev mob uas sau nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Cov chaw nyob chlorinated pas dej: SS316 ntawm 12 V, kho 304 raws li qhov tau txais tsuas yog tus neeg siv khoom taug qab TDS. Cov pas dej ntsev thiab cov chaw ua si: SS316 lossis 316L, nrog molybdenum tau lees paub ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj zeb. Dej hiav txwv thiab ntug hiav txwv ntsev-cov chaw tshuaj tsuag: SS316L ntxiv rau lub sijhawm kuaj pom zoo.
Yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas qhov koj tus neeg xa khoom xa tuaj tiag tiag
Kev hloov khoom siv feem ntau tshwm sim ntsiag to, nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus hais thiab kev txiav txim ntau lawm. Tsib daim tshev kaw feem ntau ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawd.
Nug daim ntawv pov thawj zeb xeem, tsis yog lub npe qib. MTC nqa cov cua sov thiab ntsuas chemistry ntawm cov hlau uas tau yaj. Yog tias tus neeg muag khoom tsis tuaj yeem tsim ib qho, qhov ntawd yog cov lus teb.
Txheeb xyuas molybdenum ncaj qha. Cov khoom siv kuaj qhov chaw lossis XRF nyeem ntawm lub tsev tiav tiav pom zoo tias muaj molybdenum nyob hauv vib nas this. Nws yog pheej yig thiab nws daws qhov 304-tiv thaiv-316 lo lus nug meej.
Thov kom kuaj ferric chloride qhov twg cov ceg txheem ntseeg ua pov thawj nws. ASTM G48 npog pitting thiab crevice corrosion kuj kuaj hauv ferric chloride tov. Tsis yog ib qho kev sim ntau lawm, tab sis rau ib qhov project loj nrog lub warranty ntev nws yog cov pov thawj ncaj qha tshaj plaws.
Tshawb xyuas cov welds thiab passivation. Nug kom ze-cov duab ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom, tsis yog cov ntawv teev npe. Thaum tshav kub kub tint, undercut thiab unfinished welds tshwm nyob rau hauv ib daim duab.
Paub meej tias qhov kev sim ntsuas dej rau hauv kev sau ntawv yog tias qhov tob ntawm kev teeb tsa tsis txawv.
Kev thov qib yog ib daim ntawv thov kom txog thaum nws raug kuaj xyuas. Cov tshev no raug nqi tsawg heev, thiab tus neeg muag khoom uas khoom rau lawv qhia koj qee yam tseem ceeb.
Cov lus nug uas nquag nug
Puas yog lub teeb pas dej SS316 puas tsim nyog tus nqi ntxiv? Nyob rau hauv lub pas dej ntsev, spa los yog ntug hiav txwv installation, yog. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom yog me me ntawm tus nqi zog ntawm kev hloov cov khoom siv pitted, uas txhais tau hais tias ntws los yog dhia dej, kev sib txuas thiab rov ua dua - sealing. Hauv qhov qis -chloride hauv tsev dej tsis huv, tus nqi yuav koj tsawg heev thiab 304 yog qhov zoo dua - tus nqi specification.
Qhov txawv ntawm 316 thiab 316L yog dab tsi? Cov ntsiab lus carbon. Standard 316 tso cai rau 0.08 feem pua carbon, thaum 316L caps nws ntawm 0.03 feem pua. Cov txiaj ntsig tshwm sim tom qab welding, qhov twg cov pa roj carbon qis txo qis rau kev nkag siab thiab weld lwj. Mechanical zog yog marginally qis, uas tsis tshua muaj feem xyuam rau lub teeb vaj tsev.
Puas yog IP68 txhais tau tias lub teeb tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm qhov tob? IP68 raws li IEC 60529 qhia txog kev tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua immersion, nrog rau qhov tob thiab lub sijhawm teev los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Nco ntsoov thov qhov ntsuas qhov tob thiab lub sijhawm thiab muab piv rau koj qhov kev teeb tsa.
Vim li cas kuv 304 stainless hlau pas dej ua ke lub teeb xeb tom qab ob lub caij? Feem ntau yog ib qho ntawm peb qhov ua rau: dej chemistry drifted upwards nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus chloride (ntau heev nyob rau hauv pas dej ua ke nrog cov kua chlorine ntau xyoo), ib tug weld los yog gasket zawj tsis tiav, los yog lub pas dej ua ke muaj ib tug sib txuas los yog stray -tam sim no teeb meem cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov hlau nyob rau hauv dej. Txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas dej ua ntej, tom qab ntawd qhov teeb tsa, tom qab ntawd qhov hluav taws xob teeb tsa.
SS316 puas tuaj yeem tswj cov dej hiav txwv ncaj qha? 316L yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tso dej ncaj qha, thiab peb yuav tsis pom zoo kom tsis muaj lub sijhawm tu thiab tshuaj xyuas. Biofouling tsim cov crevices uas tsav corrosion, thiab thaum pib, alloy qib ib leeg yuav tsis tso tseg.
Qhov twg peb haum rau
Chongqing Xinyuanhui Optoelectronic Technology Co., Ltd. tau tsim underwater thiab toj roob hauv pes teeb pom kev zoo txij thaum 2008 nyob rau hauv ib tug 5,000 m² chaw. Peb tsim SS304 thiab SS316/316L pas dej ua ke teeb, ciav teeb, hauv- hauv av luminaires thiab phab ntsa ntxhua khaub ncaws, nrog DMX512 thiab RGB tswj kev xaiv, thiab peb xa daim ntawv pov thawj zeb nrog cov khoom. Xa koj cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas dej rau peb thiab kev teeb tsa qhov tob, thiab peb yuav qhia koj qib twg hauv cov dej ntawd - suav nrog thaum cov lus teb yog qhov pheej yig dua.